15 Best UX Research Tools for User Researchers - 2023
15 Best UX Research Tools for User Researchers - 2023
Author:
Farjana Basir
·
May 24, 2023
Making product decisions based on blind assumptions is risky. You don’t want to spend weeks building a new feature or a product only to realize no one wants it.
UX Research helps avoid such dead ends. Before you build, you get to validate the assumptions you’re building on. Of course, the right UX research tools go a long way in making your research more fruitful.
Here’s an overview of the most important UX research tools for you.
Type
Tools
Starting Price
Ratings
Research Panel to Recruit Participants
UserInterviews
$ 45/session for Recruit $ 250/month for Research Hub but the basic plan is free for individual researchers
4.6/5
Research Panel to Recruit Participants
Respondent
The service fee is 50% of your chosen incentive fee
4.6/5
Survey Tools
Survey Monkey
$ 10.98/month
4.4/5
Survey Tools
Google Forms
Free
4.7/5
Platforms to Conduct Research
UserZoom
Custom pricing-contact their sales team
4.2/5
Platforms to Conduct Research
User Testing
Contact their sales team
4.5/5
Moderated Tools
Google Meet
Free
4.5/5
Moderated Tools
Zoom
$ 161.28 per user/year
4.5/5
Unmoderated Research Tools
Maze
Basic plan free, afterwards $ 75 /month
4.5/5
Unmoderated Research Tools
UserBerry
Basic plan free, later $ 33/month
4.9/5
Qualitative Data Analysis and Research Repository
Looppanel
Basic plan free, later $25 /user/month
Sign up for free
Qualitative Data Analysis and Research Repository
Dovetail
$50/month or $540/year
4.4/5
Qualitative Data Analysis and Research Repository
EnjoyHQ
Starter free, then $ 1,000/month
3.8/5
Qualitative Data Analysis and Research Repository
Google Sheets
Basic plan free, later $ 12/user/month
4.7/5
Qualitative Data Analysis and Research Repository
FigJam
Starting plan free, later $ 3/editor per month
4.6/5
Research Panels to Recruit Participants
Recruiting research participants is easily one of the hardest parts of UX Research. It’s probably the most boring part as well.
The easiest way to recruit research participants is by using an existing research panel.
A research panel is a UX research tool that gives you access to potential research participants, offering them compensation in exchange (usually in the form of money or Amazon gift cards). The benefit of using a panel is that you can recruit the right “persona” of users within a very short amount of time (often within 24 hours), with limited scheduling efforts on your side.
💡 Pro-tip:
While research panels reduce the amount of scheduling work you’ll have to do, there are a couple of flags with these kinds of products:
Some panels are prone to “professional testers”—people who are joining studies just for the money and often lying about what they actually do/their experience with a product
It can be challenging to find niche participant types via these panels. If you want to recruit paediatricians in Papua New Guinea, you may struggle with the panel’s ability to provide this type of user!
To identify the right participant out of the “panel”, it’s recommended to “screen” the participants—you’ll ask participants to answer some questions that help you identify if they’re the right fit.
For example, if you’re looking for middle school teachers, your screener may look like this:
What’s your job?
If you have been a teacher in the last 3 years, which classes have you taught? 1. K through 5th-grade 2. 5th through 12th-grade 3. College 4. Masters/PhD
What region do you work in?
Here are some of the best user research recruiting tools to help you find the right participants!
User Interviews
User Interviews is a UX research tool that connects user researchers and participants.
You can filter out potential participants based on different parameters like age, location, industry, etc., to find the right participants for your studies. In exchange, participants are compensated fairly, incentivizing them to contribute to the research.
User Interviews lets you:
Use their pre-existing panel: Their “Recruit” product provides you with a pre-existing panel of potential participants. You can then filter and recruit participants from the panel.
Make your own Panel: You can use their “Research Hub” product while recruiting your existing customers whose contact information you already have. You can use Research Hub to store and manage scheduling for these participants. Research Hub will manage emailing, scheduling, and follow-up reminders to users for you. With automated scheduling, their Google and Outlook calendar integration will help you monitor the upcoming sessions. Automated emails are sent to participants when you approve them to participate in your studies. More on Research Hub later.
If you are subscribing to Recruit, the price depends on the size of your team or company. Apart from the Pay As You Go category, which is charged per session, all other categories are billed annually.
Check out the pricing table below for more details:
For Recruit (panel to recruit participants)
Category
Features
Monthly Price (if billed annually)
Pay As You Go
Automated scheduling and incentive distribution and research tool integrations
$ 45/session
Starter
Starter covers 60 user research sessions per year and comes with all the features of Pay As You Go. It also includes custom onboarding, a past screener library, customer success support and rollover sessions.
$ 175/month
Essential
Along with features of Pay As You Go, other features include 150 sessions per year and the ability to invite participants you’ve spoken to before.
$ 325/month
Custom
For teams who do a large volume of research or require custom software and support needs can avail security a review feature, negotiable contract terms, customer success manager, project coordinator support, and a custom number of sessions per year. This also includes Starter and Essential features.
Talk with their team
Research Hub
Userinterviews also serve those who want to manage a panel of their own participants for research studies. Let’s say you run a lot of research with existing customers of your product—you can use User Interviews’ Research Hub to store the data of these people and simplify the painful scheduling activities (emailing users, reminders, etc.).
There are multiple tiers to the ‘Research Hub’ product, based on how many contacts (participants) you have in your panel. The price of the product varies by the number of contacts in the panel as well.
If you ever want to increase the contacts limit for your subscription, you can reach out to the User Interviews team. The price figures mentioned below are the monthly rate billed annually.
For Research Hub
Category
Features
Monthly Price (if billed annually)
Free Forever - Individual researchers
Maximum 100 contacts, automated emails and scheduling, research tool integrations, use of 1:1 and bulk messaging tool to send individual messages or to a pool of participants to send reminders or same instructions and others.
Free
Essential - small teams
Includes all features in the Free Forever plan, as well as custom branding, customer success support, custom page templates and many more.
$ 250/month for up to 1,000 contacts
$ 500/month for up to 5,000 contacts
For custom contacts talk with the team
Premium - large research teams
For the premium tier, features include everything in the essential category, and unlimited custom email themes(you can add brand colours and footer messaging).
$ 1,250/month for up to 5,000 contacts
$1,417/month for up to 10,000 contacts
For custom contacts talk with the team
Enterprise
This includes all Premium features, security review, large-scale custom onboarding sessions and other features like API for custom data integrations, etc.
On custom-talk with the team
Pros:
For Recruit, it is quite easy to contact a large number of potential participants and if any participant drops out before the session, the software connects the next participants on the list you approved.
Automated screening, scheduling and incentive distribution. This means you get to skip all that painful back and forth setting up a time, following up to confirm the call, and making sure your incentives are paid out (phew!).
You can schedule the meeting through Google or Outlook 365 calendars.
The customer support team is great— they help researchers with any issues without delay.
Cons:
The screener needs to be more adaptable, with rating scale questions and arrays.
The screening capabilities lack the sophistication of non-DIY options e.g. "must say 3 of the 6 options." You have to do that manually.
Respondent is another participant recruiting platform that helps researchers conduct research with verified participants in person or online. This platform sources professional participants from different social networks like LinkedIn.
Respondent offers two pricing options, 1) Pay As You Go and 2) Credit Bundles.
In Pay As You Go, the service fee is 50% of your chosen incentive fee (e.g., if you are offering a $100 incentive, $50 of that goes to the Respondent). If you buy a credit bundle instead (credits can be used to “buy” a session with a participant) you pay a smaller percentage fee to the Respondent.
Pros:
You can post your project for free and pay after the participants participate in the study.
Cons:
It's not user-friendly and can be hard to navigate when you get started.
Survey tools help in collecting data online from your potential audience. Before you conduct a survey, you must have a clear objective and scope to get the best results.
The following are the best survey tools to run studies:
SurveyMonkey
SurveyMonkey is a UX research tool that helps users and researchers conduct surveys through emails, web links and embedded forms on their website or via social media. You can conduct your surveys in multiple languages and easily collect the data in one view.
SurveyMonkey has multiple plans you can choose from based on your team size and the scale of your survey.
The basic plan is free which is best for individuals who wish to conduct surveys on a small scale. The paid plan intends to serve teams, but can also be used by individuals and enterprises. People who work at enterprises can contact the sales team for custom plans that support enhanced governance and security.
The cost of each plan has been tabulated below:
Note: All the plans are billed annually.
Individual Plans
Category
Features
Price
Standard Monthly
Unlimited number of surveys and questions per year, 1,000 responses per month, ability to download data (CVS, PDF, PPT, XLS).
$ 10.98/month
Standard Annual
Unlimited number of surveys, unlimited questions per survey, 15,000 responses per year, advanced data exports (e.g., to SPSS), customize your survey (e.g., with logos and web fonts), A/B testing, SurveyMonkey industry benchmarks, surveys in multiple languages and more.
$ 24.42/month
Premier Annual
Unlimited number of surveys, unlimited questions per survey, 40,000 responses per year, surveys in multiple languages, A/B testing, quizzes with access to statistics, 24/7 customer support via email and more
$ 6.08/month
Team Plans
Category
Features
Monthly Price (if billed annually)
The Team Advantage
Can capture up to 50,000 survey responses per year. This plan also comes with free integration with popular collaboration apps like Google Drive, Slack and Office 365.
$ 18.94/month
The Team Premier
Can capture up to 100,000 responses per year, click map data visualization (track location and how many people click on an image to gather feedback ), advanced survey logic tools, analyses the response quality of your survey results and highlights low-quality responses using machine learning.
$ 46.43/month
Enterprise
Unlimited surveys and questions, enterprise security features like single sign-on (SSO), activity tracking through logs, enhanced governance and security.
Contact Sales
Pros:
Intuitive User Interface.
Able to conduct surveys in various languages.
Variety of survey templates and integration with tools like Google Sheets, SPSS, Mailchimp, Displayr, Zendesk and more.
Cons:
The free version is best to conduct surveys on a small scale, but the cost of paid plans can go up quickly.
If you’re looking for an all-in-one qualitative research platform that can handle everything from recruitment to running moderated and unmoderated tests, and generating transcripts in one place, you may want to consider the options below.
UserZoom
This platform is a UX research tool designed for UX researchers, marketers, managers and UX designers to get insights on websites, apps, products, and prototypes by conducting studies like 1:1 live interviews, moderated and unmoderated usability tests, click tests, surveys, tree tests and card sorts.
UserZoom has custom pricing—you will need to get in touch with the sales team to learn how much a subscription will set you back.
Here are the features included in each type of plan:
Plan
Features
Quick Start Plans - For individuals and small teams
Qualitative research methods like moderated usability tests, unmoderated usability tests and 1-on-1 live interviews.
Automated transcription in English, German, and Spanish.
Automated participant recruitment for small sample sizes
Study links to invite your own participants
Video analysis tools to help you review data
Enterprise Plans - For teams
All features of Quick Start Plan, unlimited seats, studies and recruitment credits.
Quantitative methods like card sorting, tree testing, click testing and surveys.
Ability to combine 2 or more methods in one study
Pros:
It auto-generates transcripts in the language you choose. Check the UserZoom’s study languages here!
You can make clips and add notes to your transcripts.
It lets you conduct mixed methods research since it supports quantitative as well as qualitative research.
Cons:
The study limit is 40 per year (for Quick Start Plans), which might not be enough for mature UX teams. The Enterprise plan does let you run unlimited studies.
UserZoom comes with a hefty price tag—if you’re considering the product, be prepared to cough up at least 5 figures for access.
UserTesting is an end-to-end research platform that lets you conduct everything from live interviews to brand and messaging testing, usability testing, tree testing, card sorting and clickstream tracking.
UserTesting pricing is based on factors like the number of users who need access to the product, business needs and the specific features you want to include. Like UserZoom, they offer custom pricing plans based on your requirements. To understand the price of each plan, you will need to contact their sales team.
Pros:
It is easy to recruit participants from all over the world. As a bonus, they eliminate users not paying attention to surveys/questions etc.
The platform seamlessly conducts moderated interviews and unmoderated research, all in one place.
Cons:
Ironically, the platform can be clunky to use at times.
The screener function is not diverse enough to add a variety of questions.
Once again, UserTesting.com comes with a significant price tag. Unless you have a significant budget to spend on tooling, UserTesting may not be a viable option for you.
In some cases, customers have reported the presence of “professional testers” in their panel (people who are randomly answering questions on your tests, just to get paid). This of course can deeply bias your results.
These tools are great for 1-on-1 moderated research methods, such as user interviews and usability tests, without a huge price tag. In all likelihood, your company has access to one of them already, or you can get your hands on one for free.
Google Meet
People with a Google Account can use Google Meet and invite up to 100 participants for 60 minutes for free (although your focus groups probably won’t get that large!). Purchasing a business or enterprise plan lets you avail additional paid features like live streaming, recording and administrative control.
Google Meet has the following pricing plans, ranging from the free plan to higher-end business editions. If your company has purchased a Google Suite plan, one of the below GMeet options may come with it.
Category
Features
Price
Free Plan
Use the platform for free for 1-on-1 user interviews or invite up to 100 participants for 60 minutes for free
Free
Business Starter
30 GBs of video storage per user, Standard support, Up to 100 participants per call, Security and admin controls
$ 1.67 /user/month
Business Standard
2 TB storage per user, invite 150 participants, record video meetings(paid upgrade to enhanced support)
$ 8.99/user/month
Business Plus
Invite 500 participants, record video meetings, attendance tracking, 5 TB storage per user, advanced security and management controls (includes vault and advanced endpoint management) and standard support.
$ 16.78/user/month
Pros:
Cost-effective and compatible with businesses of all sizes.
No plugins or software is required (aka your participants won’t have to install new software to join you on the call)
Familiar option for users around the world (this tends to make your users more comfortable and less nervous to join an unknown link)
Cons:
The free plan doesn’t come with recording and transcription capabilities, but you can plug in a product like Looppanel to record and transcribe calls for you
Audio and video quality can vary (we prefer Zoom for this reason)
Zoom is a video conferencing app that you can repurpose for focus groups, moderated user interviews and usability tests. Although it's not a built only for researchers, we think it's one of the most useful options across this list of UX research tools.
Conduct meetings for up to 40 minutes, invite 100 attendees per meeting, team chat, and access to a whiteboard for brainstorming sessions.
Free
Pro
Everything in the Basic plan, as well as the ability to conduct meetings for up to 30 hours, long, cloud storage of up to 5 GB, and a free premium app for 1 year.
$ 161.28 per user/year
Business
Everything in Pro, and the ability to invite 300 attendees per meeting, unlimited whiteboards, cloud storage up to 5 GB, and a free premium app for 1 year.
$ 219.92 per user/year
Enterprise
Everything in business, plus the ability to invite 1000 attendees per meeting, unlimited cloud storage.
Contact sales team
Pros:
An easy-to-use, familiar option for your participants
High-quality audio and video streams (very reliable)
Works with great tools like Looppanel (again, very reliable)
Cons:
Zoom’s basic plan can be limiting if you’re running moderated research. Forty minutes (the limit for free calls) may not be enough to conduct an interview, for example.
5GB of free storage on the paid plan runs out pretty fast. Downloading/deleting these recordings can be a pain.
Paid plans come with transcription in English, but the quality of transcripts is moderate.
Unmoderated research tools are a category of UX research tools that do not require you to intervene during the actual research session. They provide instructions to users, record their actions, and should ideally be able to ask them predetermined follow-up questions.
This type of research takes less time as participants do not have to be physically present, so you can provide questions to a large number of participants at the same time to complete the test.
Let’s explore the best unmoderated research tools out there.
Maze
Maze allows you to run unmoderated research on your new product or prototype. It supports tests like unmoderated usability tests, website testing, prototype testing, tree testing, surveys, and card sorting.
Apart from paid features, Maze offers free features that can be used to run tests on a small scale or on the product and see if it meets your requirements.
Category
Features
Price
Free
300 responses per year for studies, with 1 active project at a time and up to 10 blocks (blocks kind of like questions or segments in a survey).
Free
Professional
1,800 responses per year, 10 active projects and unlimited blocks, and access to pro templates.
$ 75 /month
Organization
Includes all professional features, along with unlimited responses, unlimited active projects and blocks, and custom templates.
Chat with team
Pros:
Easy to link Figma prototypes for user testing purposes
Easy to set up and launch a test in minutes
They have a panel of participants as well, so you can skip the pain of recruiting
Maze automatically generates a shareable report with your findings from tests—this is really nice to be able to quickly share the results with team members.
Useberry is an unmoderated research platform that allows you to run tests across a variety of methods.
An amazing feature of Useberry is the integration of tools like Protopie, Adobe XD, Sketch, Marvel and InVision (other than a Figma integration, of course). This allows you to test more complex, realistic prototypes with your users, aside from basic Figma prototypes.
UseBerry also offers a wide range of testing methods, you can use your favourite testing methods from the following list:
10 responses per month, 1 seat, 1 project, and unlimited collaborators.
Free
Basic
100 responses per month, 1 seat, 3 projects, unlimited collaborators and CSV export.
$ 33/month, billed annually
Pro
All features in Basic, plus unlimited responses, unlimited projects and versions and screening questions.
$ 67/month, billed annually
Team
Everything in Pro, plus for shared team library, team workspace and 3 seats (for additional seats pay $ 17 each).
$ 84/month, billed annually
Pros:
Participant recruiting is included (one less thing on your plate!)
Aside from integration Figma, you can also integrate prototypes from other prototyping tools like Protopie, Adobe XD, Sketch, Marvel and InVision.
Heatmaps and basic reporting (completion rates) are automatically calculated for you.
Cons:
If you’re looking for a specific persona of users, sometimes it’s hard to find them on UseBerry. For example, we tried to recruit User Researchers and although they had a category “researchers” the results seemed to indicate that the category was murky.
Participant filtering criteria are preset and you can’t add screener questions
Qualitative Data Analysis & Research Repository Tools
Once you’ve collected data from a user study, a research repository can be used to organize and analyze it. These UX research tools are hub to store and organise data that you and your team can use for the product improvement process.
Looppanel lets you automatically record your calls on GMeets, Teams, or Zoom and provides high-quality transcripts, with automatic sentiment analysis. Bonus: you can also take notes and save time stamps live during your user interviews—making them much easier to review after (rather than re-watching the whole call 5 times).
On Looppanel, you can also create shareable clips with one click and add notes to or tag your data. We auto-organize your data for a study by tags and questions, so you can jump straight into analyzing trends.
Bringing all your data to one place and automating the mundane, tedious tasks of research allows Looppanel to cut your analysis process down from weeks to days.
Pricing: Looppanel’s budget-friendly pricing plan allows users to run their research process without any delay.
Category
Features
Pricing
Free Trial
15 free transcripts, live notes, ability to annotate transcripts with notes or tags, ability to analyze notes across calls, share clips and calls as a link, and auto-record Zoom, GMeet, and Teams calls.
Free
Pro
Includes all Free Trial features and 25 transcripts per user per month.
$25 /user/month
Premium
Includes all Free Trial features, and 50 transcripts per user per month.
$55 /user/month
Pros:
Looppanel’s transcription is one of the best on the market, with a high level of accuracy across accents and regions.
Looppanel automatically records Zoom, GMeet, or Teams call and stores them for you—this saves a lot of storage space on Zoom or your drive.
You can collaboratively take notes with your team during user interviews which saves a ton of time when you’re going back to review data.
You can instantly create and share clips of your user rage-clicking (much better than writing about it in a report)
Cons:
Looppanel does not solve recruiting today (but we have it on our minds for the future!), so you’ll need to recruit participants through some other means like User Interviews or your own panel.
Only support audio and video recordings as data input at the moment (e.g., you can’t upload a CSV to the product)
As one user told us, you might be overwhelmed by how easy we make your job.
Dovetail is a popular web-based platform that lets you organize research data, generate and tag transcripts, and collaborate with team members. It is built on the academic approach of qualitative data analysis.
The budget plans mentioned below are the starting price of each category and correspond to the minimum number of users. Increasing the number of users increases the price of each category as well.
Category
Features
Pricing
Number of Users
Starter - For lightweight Analysis
10 transcript hours per month, unlimited projects and viewers, 50 GB storage, document storage, integrations (Google Drive, Zoom, and more.
$50/month or $540/year
5
Team - For teams to centralize data analysis and insights
50 transcripts hours/month, 100 GB storage,3 projects templates, and global tags (across projects)
$375/month or $54,200/year
5
Business
Unlimited transcription, unlimited storage, custom branding, unlimited tagboards, single sign-on, and security reviews.
$1,200/month or $14,400/year
10
Enterprise - For Enterprise to scale
Everything in business, plus custom data retention policies, and dedicated support and procurement features (customer success manager, custom legal contracting).
$4,200/month or $50,400/year
20
Pros:
Easy transcription of videos and audio.
Ability to create complex tagging taxonomies and tag your transcripts with them.
Ability to store participant data in Dovetail, allowing you to build a database of people you’ve spoken with.
Import multiple kinds of data, from audio/video recordings to Excel sheets with survey results.
Cons:
There are some serious limitations on the way you can use the product—you can’t add notes on your transcript or analyze your data by questions in your discussion guide.
Tagging taxonomies are complex and Dovetail requires you to build them and use them across your team of researchers, and across projects for the product to be useful.
The starting plan has a limit on the transcriptions that you’ll quickly hit. Subsequent plans can be pricey (and their pricing plans keep changing!)
This research repository tool enables UX researchers to store and organize data. With the EnjoyHQ tool, you can do unlimited transcriptions, upload files of all sizes and formats with no limit, get metrics insights from your team while using the research repository, and collaborate with multiple teams.
Unlimited transcription, 2 admin seats, data visualizations, video editing features, unlimited research projects, integrations (UserZoom, Slack, Zoom, Email, Trello, etc.) taxonomy manager, unlimited read-only users and unlimited video and audio uploads.
Free
Grow
Up to 10 seats, 3 premium integrations, user management, translations for app reviews, Single Sign-On, ability to export data in CSV or PDF format, and more.
$ 1,000/month, billed annually
Scale
All features of Grow, plus 25 seats, export and import API, unlimited integrations, personalized onboarding and multi-team support.
Talk to their Sales Team
Pros:
Variety of integrations—everything from UserZoom to Jira, to Typeform—this makes it easy to move data in or out of EnjoyHQ.
They start with a generous free plan which works well for a small team.
Cons:
Ironically, EnjoyHQ can be a bit clunky to use—the everyday experience of using the product can become frustrating for some users.
Once you scale past the free plan, pricing gets expensive quickly.
Google Sheets is the default data analysis and storage platform for organizations around the world. In addition to systematically organizing your data, you can add graphs, use formulas, filter out irrelevant data etc.
One of the OG default tools—if all else fails, you’ve got Sheets (or Excel if you’re still there for some reason) .
Pricing: Google Sheets has three budget plans; basic, standard and apps for business. Use the following table to find what works for you.
Category
Features
Price
For Personal
Drive secure cloud storage up to 15 GB, can include 100 participants while video and voice conferencing,
Free
Business Standard
2 TB cloud storage capacity, invite up to 150 participants while GMeet video and voice conferencing.
$ 12/user/month
Pros:
The easiest tool to pick up because of its familiarity and flexibility. Your company is probably already paying for it, too!
The ability to create graphs or quickly edit data is a plus
Everyone on your team already knows how to use it—this makes collaboration easy
Cons:
Although excel / google sheets are great, they’re not actually built for research. This means things break quickly when you’re trying to remember why you took a note (it’s not linked to your transcript!) or review data across calls.
If you’re using Google Sheets, your data is being split across multiple tools—your recording is probably stored elsewhere, notes here, transcripts in a third place. This makes it hard to review calls because you have a jigsaw puzzle of apps and windows open at any point in time.
It can be overwhelming for collaborators to jump into. They’ve not been analyzing the calls for days. Seeing rows and rows of data in Google Sheets can make their heads spin.
FigJam lets you create and organise ideas on a canvas in sticky notes. In addition, you get to leverage a range of templates, widgets and plugins as well as their integrations with Jira, Github and Asana to streamline your research analysis workflow.
3 Figma and FigJam files, unlimited professional files and collaborators, access to most plugins, templates, widgets and a mobile app.
Free, but some plugins might need to be paid for
Professional
Unlimited FigJam files, open sessions, audio conversations and voting.
$ 3/editor per month
Organization
Everything in Professional including, plugin management, single sign-on
$ 5/editor per month
Pros:
A great canvas for your team to collaboratively work on. It’s particularly good for visual people—you can see your data on stickies and move them around as needed.
You get a set of fun features like stamps, stickers, voting, and audio conversations so you can chat with teammates while you’re analyzing.
Cons:
Not directly built for research, FigJam comes with its limitations. For one, your data is in a separate place compared to your recordings & transcripts, making it hard to jump back to moments or double-check a note.
It can be overwhelming for users, especially in large studies. Imagine you’re faced with 500 sticky notes—it gets daunting pretty fast!